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Carbon−fluorine bond formation by transition metal catalysis is difficult, and only a few methods for the synthesis of aryl fluorides have been developed. All reported transition-metal-catalyzed fluorination reactions for the synthesis of functionalized arenes are based on palladium. Here we present silver catalysis for carbon−fluorine bond formation. Our report is the first example of the use of the transition metal silver to form carbon−heteroatom bonds by cross-coupling catalysis. The functional group tolerance and substrate scope presented here have not been demonstrated for any other fluorination reaction to date.

China Product Characteristics
Iodine under standard conditions is a bluish black solid. It can be seen apparently sublimating at standard temperatures into a violet-pink gas that has an irritating odor. This halogen forms compounds with many elements, but is less reactive than the other members of its Group VII (halogens) and has some metallic light reflectance.
In the gas phase iodine shows its violet color. starbucks barista espresso
Elemental iodine dissolves easily in most organic solvents such as hexane or chloroform due to its lack of polarity, but is only slightly soluble in water. However, the solubility of elemental iodine in water can be increased by the addition of potassium iodide. The molecular iodine reacts reversibly with the negative ion, generating the triiodide anion I3 in equilibrium, which is soluble in water. This is also the formulation of some types of medicinal (antiseptic) iodine, although tincture of iodine classically dissolves the element in aqueous ethanol. manual coffee grinder
Solutions of elemental iodine have the unique property of exhibiting dramatically different colors depending on the polarity of the solvent. When dissolved in nonpolar solvents like hexane, the solution appears deep violet; in moderately polar dichloromethane the solution is dark crimson, and in strongly polar solvents like acetone or ethanol, it appears dark orange or brown. This is due to ligand field interactions of solvent molecules with the d-orbitals of iodine, which is the only halogen with a sufficiently occupied electronic configuration to allow such interactions. This same property allows the formation of hypervalent iodine compounds, which have expanded bonding orbitals beyond the generally allowed octet rule. coffee grinder manual
Students who have seen the classroom demonstration in which iodine crystals are gently heated in a test tube to violet vapor may gain the impression that liquid iodine does not exist at atmospheric pressure. This misconception arises because the vapor produced has such a deep colour that the liquid appears not to form. In fact, if iodine crystals are heated carefully to just above their melting point of 113.7 C, the crystals melt into a liquid which is present under a dense blanket of the vapor.
When iodine is encapsulated into carbon nanotubes it forms atomic chains, whose structure depends on the nanotube diameter.
Occurrence
Iodomethane
Iodine naturally occurs in the environment chiefly as a dissolved iodide in seawater, although it is also found in some minerals and soils. This element also exists in small amounts in the mineral caliche, found in Chile, between the Andes and the sea. A type of seaweed, kelp, tends to be high in iodine as well.
Organoiodine compounds are produced by marine life forms, the most notable being iodomethane (commonly called methyl iodide). The total iodomethane that is produced by the marine environment, by microbial activity in rice paddies and by the burning of biological material is estimated to be 214 kilotonnes. The volatile iodomethane is broken up by oxidation reactions in the atmosphere and a global iodine cycle is established. Although the element is actually quite rare, kelp and certain plants and other algae have some ability to concentrate iodine, which helps introduce the element into the food chain.
Structure
Structure of solid iodine
Iodine crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmca No 64, Pearson symbol oS8, the same as black phosphorus. In the solid state, I2 molecules are still represented by a short I-I bond of 270 pm.
Production
From the several places in which iodine occurs in nature only two are used as source for iodine: the caliche, found in Chile and the iodine containing brines of gas and oil fields, especially in Japan and the United States.
The caliche, found in Chile contains sodium nitrate, which is the main product of the mining activities and small amounts of sodium iodate and sodium iodide. During leaching and production of pure sodium nitrate the sodium iodate and iodide is extracted. The high concentration of iodine in the caliche and the extensive mining made Chile the largest producer of iodine in 2007.
Iodine output in 2005
Most other producers use natural occurring brine for the production of iodine. The Japanese Minami Kanto gas field east of Tokyo and the American Anadarko Basin gas field in northwest Oklahoma are the two largest sources for iodine from brine. The brine has a temperature of over 60C due to the depth of the source. The brine is first purified and acidified using sulfuric acid, then the iodide present is oxidized to iodine with chlorine. An iodine solution is produced, but is dilute and must be concentrated. Air is blown into the solution, causing the iodine to evaporate, then it is passed into an absorbing tower containing acid where sulfur dioxide is added to reduce the iodine. The hydrogen iodide (HI) is reacted with chlorine to precipitate the iodine. After filtering and purification the iodine is packed.
2 HI + Cl2 I2 + 2 HCl
I2 + 2 H2O + SO2 2 HI + H2SO4
2 HI + Cl2 I2 + 2 HCl
The production of iodine from seawater via electrolysis is not used due to the sufficient abundance of iodine-rich brine. Another source of iodine was kelp, used in the 18th and 19th centuries, but it is no longer economically viable.
Commercial samples often contain a large amount of impurities; they may be removed by sublimation. The element may also be prepared in an ultrapure form through the reaction of potassium iodide with copper(II) sulfate, which gives copper(II) iodide initially. That decomposes spontaneously to copper(I) iodide and iodine:
Cu2+ + 2 I CuI2
2 CuI2 2 CuI + I2
There are also other methods of isolating this element in the laboratory, for example the method used to isolate other halogens: oxidation of the iodide in hydrogen iodide (often made in situ with an iodide and sulfuric acid) by manganese dioxide (see below in Descriptive chemistry).
Isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of iodine
There are 37 known (characterized) isotopes of iodine, but only one, 127I, is stable.
In many ways, 129I is similar to 36Cl. It is a soluble halogen, fairly non-reactive, exists mainly as a non-sorbing anion, and is produced by cosmogenic, thermonuclear, and in-situ reactions. In hydrologic studies, 129I concentrations are usually reported as the ratio of 129I to total I (which is virtually all 127I). As is the case with 36Cl/Cl, 129I/I ratios in nature are quite small, 1014 to 1010 (peak thermonuclear 129I/I during the 1960s and 1970s reached about 107). 129I differs from 36Cl in that its half-life is longer (15.7 vs. 0.301 million years), it is highly biophilic, and occurs in multiple ionic forms (commonly, I and IO3) which have different chemical behaviors. This makes it fairly easy for 129I to enter the biosphere as it becomes incorporated into vegetation, soil, milk, animal tissue, etc.
Excesses of stable 129Xe in meteorites have been shown to result from decay of "primordial" iodine-129 produced newly by the supernovas which created the dust and gas from which the solar system formed. 129I was the first extinct radionuclide to be identified as present in the early solar system. Its decay is the basis of the I-Xe Iodine-xenon radiometric dating scheme, which covers the first 85 million years of solar system evolution.
Effects of various radioiodine isotopes in biology are discussed below.
History
Iodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811. He was born to a manufacturer of saltpeter (a vital part of gunpowder). At the time of the Napoleonic Wars, France was at war and saltpeter was in great demand. Saltpeter produced from French niter beds required sodium carbonate, which could be isolated from seaweed washed up on the coasts of Normandy and Brittany. To isolate the sodium carbonate, seaweed was burned and the ash then washed with water. The remaining waste was destroyed by adding sulfuric acid. One day Courtois added too much sulfuric acid and a cloud of purple vapor rose. Courtois noted that the vapor crystallized on cold surfaces making dark crystals. Courtois suspected that this was a new element but lacked the money to pursue his observations.
However he gave samples to his friends, Charles Bernard Desormes (17771862) and Nicolas Clment (17791841), to continue research. He also gave some of the substance to Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (17781850), a well-known chemist at that time, and to physicist Andr-Marie Ampre (17751836). On 29 November 1813, Dersormes and Clment made public Courtois discovery. They described the substance to a meeting of the Imperial Institute of France. On December 6, Gay-Lussac announced that the new substance was either an element or a compound of oxygen. Ampre had given some of his sample to Humphry Davy (17781829). Davy did some experiments on the substance and noted its similarity to chlorine. Davy sent a letter dated December 10 to the Royal Society of London stating that he had identified a new element. A large argument erupted between Davy and Gay-Lussac over who identified iodine first but both scientists acknowledged Courtois as the first to isolate the chemical element.
Applications
Disinfectant and water treatment
Elemental iodine is used as a disinfectant in various forms. The iodine exists as the element, or as the water soluble triiodide anion I3- generated in situ by adding iodide to poorly-soluble iodine (the reverse chemical reaction makes some free elemental iodine available for antisepsis). Alternatively, iodine may come from iodophors, which contain iodine complexed with a solubilizing agent (iodide ion may be thought of loosely as the iodophor in triiodide water solutions). Examples of such preparations include:
Tincture of iodine (iodine in ethanol, or iodine and sodium iodide in a mixture of ethanol and water)
Lugol's iodine (iodine and iodide in water, forming mostly triiodide)
Povidone iodine (an iodophor)
Staining
See also: Staining
Testing a seed for starch with a solution of iodine
Iodine is a common general stain used in thin-layer chromatography. It is also used in the Gram stain as a mordant, after the sample is treated with crystal violet.
In particular, iodine forms an intense blue complex with the glucose polymers starch and glycogen. Many applications rely on this property:
Iodometry. The concentration of an oxidant can be determined by adding it to an excess of iodide with a little free iodine, to destroy elemental iodine/triiodide as a result of oxidation by the oxidant. A starch indicator is then used as the indicator close to the end-point, in order to increase the visual contrast (dark blue becomes colorless, instead of the yellow of dilute triiodide becoming colorless).
An Iodine test may be used to test a sample substance for the presence of starch.
The Iodine clock reaction is an extension of the techniques in iodometry.
Iodine solutions are used in counterfeit banknote detection pens; the premise being that counterfeit banknotes made using commercially available paper contain starch.
Starch-iodide paper are used to test for the presence of oxidants such as peroxides. The oxidants convert iodide to iodine, which shows up as blue. A solution of starch and iodide can perform the same function.
During colposcopy, Lugol's iodine is applied to the vagina and cervix. Normal vaginal tissue stains brown due to its high glycogen content (a color-reaction similar to that with starch), while abnormal tissue suspicious for cancer does not stain, and thus appears pale compared to the surrounding tissue. Biopsy of suspicious tissue can then be performed. This is called a Schiller's Test.
Radiocontrast agent
Diatrizoic acid, a radiocontrast
Iodine, as a heavy element, is quite radio-opaque. Organic compounds of a certain type (typically iodine-substituted benzene derivatives) are thus used in medicine as X-ray radiocontrast agents for intravenous injection. This is often in conjunction with advanced X-ray techniques such as angiography and CT scanning
Radioiodine
Some radioactive iodine isotopes can be used to treat thyroid cancer. The body accumulates iodine in the thyroid, thus radioactive iodine can selectively damage growing thyroid cancer cells while the radioactive dose to the rest of the body remains small.
Iodine compounds
See also: Category:Iodine compounds
Iodine forms many compounds. Potassium iodide is the most commercially significant iodine compound. It is a convenient source of the iodide anion; it is easier to handle than sodium iodide because it is not hygroscopic. Sodium iodide is especially useful in the Finkelstein reaction, because it is soluble in acetone, while potassium iodide is poorly so. In this reaction, an alkyl chloride is converted to an alkyl iodide. This relies on the insolubility of sodium chloride in acetone to drive the reaction:
R-Cl (acetone) + NaI (acetone) R-I (acetone) + NaCl (s)
Iodic acid (HIO3) and its salts are strong oxidizers. Periodic acid (HIO4) cleaves vicinal diols along the C-C bond to give aldehyde fragments. 2-Iodoxybenzoic acid and Dess-Martin periodinane are hypervalent iodine oxidants used to specifically oxidize alcohols to ketones or aldehydes. Iodine pentoxide is a strong oxidant as well.
Interhalogen compounds are well known; examples include iodine monochloride and trichloride; iodine pentafluoride and heptafluoride.
HI
He
LiI
BeI2
BI3
CI4
NI3
I2O4, I2O5, I4O9
IF, IF3, IF5, IF7
Ne
NaI
MgI2
AlI3
SiI4
PI3, P2I4
S
ICl, ICl3
Ar
KI
CaI2
Sc
TiI4
VI3
Cr
MnI2
Fe
CoI2
NiI2
CuI
ZnI2
Ga2I6
GeI2, GeI4
AsI3
Se
IBr
Kr
RbI
SrI2
Y
ZrI4
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
AgI
CdI2
InI3
SnI4, SnI2
SbI3
TeI4
I
Xe
CsI
BaI2
 
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
AuI
Hg2I2, HgI2
TlI
PbI2
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
 
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Uub
Uut
Uuq
Uup
Uuh
Uus
Uuo
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
SmI2
Eu
Gd
TbI3
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Ac
ThI4
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Organic compounds
See also: Organoiodine compound
Many organoiodine compounds exist, the simplest is iodomethane, approved as a soil fumigant. Iodinated organics are used as synthetic reagents, and also radiocontrast agents.
Biologically active substances like the thyroid hormones are naturally occurring organoiodine compounds.
Chemistry
Elemental iodine is poorly soluble in water, with one gram dissolving in 3450 ml at 20 C and 1280 ml at 50 C. By contrast with chlorine, the formation of the hypohalite ion (IO) in neutral aqueous solutions of iodine is negligible.
I2+ H2O H+ + I + HIO   (K = 2.01013)
Solubility in water is greatly improved if the solution contains dissolved iodides such as hydroiodic acid, potassium iodide, or sodium iodide; this extra solubility results from the high solubility of the I3 ion. Dissolved bromides also improve water solubility of iodine. Iodine is soluble in a number of organic solvents, including ethanol (20.5 g/100 ml at 15 C, 21.43 g/100 ml at 25 C), diethyl ether (20.6 g/100 ml at 17 C, 25.20 g/100 ml at 25 C), chloroform, acetic acid, glycerol, benzene (14.09 g/100 ml at 25 C), carbon tetrachloride (2.603 g/100 ml at 35 C), and carbon disulfide (16.47 g/100 ml at 25 C). Aqueous and ethanol solutions are brown. Solutions in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulfide are violet.
Molecular iodine can be prepared by oxidizing iodides with chlorine:
2 I + Cl2 I2 + 2 Cl
or with manganese dioxide in acid solution:
2 I + 4 H+ + MnO2 I2 + 2 H2O + Mn2+
Iodine is reduced to hydroiodic acid by hydrogen sulfide:
I2 + H2S 2 HI + S
or by hydrazine:
2 I2 + N2H4 4 HI + N2
Iodine is oxidized to iodate by nitric acid:
I2 + 10 HNO3 2 HIO3 + 10 NO2 + 4 H2O
or by chlorates:
I2 + 2 ClO3 2 IO3 + Cl2
Iodine is converted in a two stage reaction to iodide and iodate in solutions of alkali hydroxides (such as sodium hydroxide):
I2 + 2 OH I + IO + H2O
(K = 30)
3 IO 2 I + IO3
(K = 1020)
Despite having the lowest electronegativity of the common halogens, iodine reacts violently with some metals, such as aluminum:
3 I2 + 2 Al 2 AlI3
This reaction produces 314 kJ per mole of aluminum, comparable to thermite's 425 kJ. Yet the reaction initiates spontaneously, and if unconfined, causes a cloud of gaseous iodine due to the high heat.
When dissolved in fuming sulfuric acid (65% oleum), iodine forms an intense blue solution. This has been shown to be due to the formation of the I+2 cation, the result of iodine being oxidised by SO3:
2 I2 + 2 SO3 + H2SO4 2 I+2 + SO2 + 2 HSO4
The I+2 cation is also formed in the oxidation of iodine by SbF5 or TaF5. The resulting I+2Sb2F11 or I+2Ta2F11 can be isolated as deep blue crystals. The solutions of these salts turn red when cooled below 60 C, due to the formation of the I2+4 cation:
2 I+2 I2+4
Under slightly more alkaline conditions, I2+4 disproportionates into I+3 and an iodine(III) compound. Excess iodine can then react with I+3 to form I+5 (green) and I3+15 (black).
Organic synthesis
With phosphorus, iodine is able to replace hydroxyl groups on alcohols with iodide. For example, the synthesis of methyl iodide from methanol, red phosphorus, and iodine. The iodinating reagent is phosphorus triiodide that is formed in situ:
3 CH3OH + PI3 3 CH3I + H3PO3
Phosphorous acid is formed as a side-product.
The iodoform test uses an alkaline solution of iodine to react with methyl ketones to give the labile triiodomethide leaving group, forming iodoform which precipitates.
Iodine is sometimes used to activate magnesium when preparing Grignard reagents; aryl and alkyl iodides both form Grignard reagents. Alkyl iodides such as iodomethane are good alkylating agents. Some drawbacks to use of iodo-organics in chemical synthesis are:
iodine compounds tend to be more expensive than the corresponding bromides and chlorides, in that order
iodides tend to be much stronger alkylating agents, and so are more toxic (e.g. methyl iodide is very toxic (T+)
low molecular weight iodides tend to have a much higher equivalent weight, compared with other alkylating agents (e.g. methyl iodide versus dimethyl carbonate), due to the atomic mass of iodine.
Clandestine synthetic chemical use
In the United States, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) regards iodine and compounds containing iodine (ionic iodides, iodoform, ethyl iodide, and so on) as reagents useful for the clandestine manufacture of methamphetamine. Persons who attempt to purchase significant quantities of such chemicals without establishing a legitimate use are likely to find themselves the target of a DEA investigation. Persons selling such compounds without doing due diligence to establish that the materials are not being diverted to clandestine use may be subject to stiff penalties, such as expensive fines or even imprisonment.
Biological role
Main article: Iodine in biology
Iodine is an essential trace element for life, the heaviest element commonly needed by living organisms, and the second-heaviest known to be used by any form of life (only tungsten, a component of a few bacterial enzymes, has a higher atomic number and atomic weight). Iodine's main role in animal biology is as constituents of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These are made from addition condensation products of the amino acid tyrosine, and are stored prior to release in an iodine-containing protein called thyroglobulin. T4 and T3 contain four and three atoms of iodine per molecule, respectively. The thyroid gland actively absorbs iodide from the blood to make and release these hormones into the blood, actions which are regulated by a second hormone TSH from the pituitary. Thyroid hormones are phylogenetically very old molecules which are synthesized by most multicellular organisms, and which even have some effect on unicellular organisms.
Thyroid hormones play a basic role in biology, acting on gene transcription to regulate the basal metabolic rate.[citation needed] The total deficiency of thyroid hormones can reduce basal metabolic rate up to 50%, while in excessive production of thyroid hormones the basal metabolic rate can be increased by 100%.[citation needed] T4 acts largely as a precursor to T3, which is (with minor exceptions) the biologically active hormone.
Extrathyroidal iodine
Iodine accounts for 65% of the molecular weight of T4 and 59% of the T3. 1520 mg of iodine is concentrated in thyroid tissue and hormones, but 70% of the body's iodine is distributed in other tissues, including mammary glands, eyes, gastric mucosa, the cervix, and salivary glands. In the cells of these tissues iodide enters directly by sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Its role in mammary tissue is related to fetal and neonatal development, but its role in the other tissues is unknown. It has been shown to act as an antioxidant in these tissues.
Iodine may have a relationship with selenium, and iodine supplementation in selenium-deficient populations may pose risks for thyroid function.
The US Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine recommended daily allowance of iodine ranges from 150 micrograms /day for adult humans to 290 micrograms /day for lactating mothers. However, the thyroid gland needs no more than 70 micrograms /day to synthesize the requisite daily amounts of T4 and T3. These higher recommended daily allowance levels of iodine seem necessary for optimal function of a number of body systems, including lactating breast, gastric mucosa, salivary glands, oral mucosa, thymus, epidermis, choroid plexus, etc.
Iodine and the development of cancer
*Breast cancer. It is known that a diet lacking in iodine is connected with adverse health effects collectively referred as iodine deficiency diseases or disorders. Studies also indicate that iodine deficiency, either dietary or pharmacologic, can lead to breast atypia and increased incidence of malignancy in animal models, while iodine treatment can reverse dysplasia. Laboratory evidences demonstrate that the effect of iodine on breast cancer is in part independent of thyroid function and that iodine inhibit cancer promotion through modulation of the estrogen pathway. Gene array profiling of estrogen responsive breast cancer cell line shows that the combination of iodine and iodide alters gene expression and inhibits the estrogen response through up-regulating proteins involved in estrogen metabolism. Whether iodine/iodide will be useful as an adjuvant therapy in the pharmacologic manipulation of the estrogen pathway in women with breast cancer has not been determined clinically.
*Iodine and stomach cancer. Some researchers have found an epidemiologic correlation between iodine deficiency, iodine-deficient goitre and gastric cancer; a decrease of the incidence of death rate from stomach cancer after implementation of the effective iodine-prophylaxis was reported too. The proposed mechanism of action is that iodide ion can function in gastric mucosa as an antioxidant reducing species that can detoxify poisonous reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide.
Iodine and immunity
Iodine has important actions in the immune system. The high iodide-concentration of thymus suggests an anatomical rationale for this role of iodine in immune system.
Iodine in salivary glands and oral health
The trophic, antioxidant and apoptosis-inductor actions and the presumed anti-tumour activity of iodides might also be important for prevention of oral and salivary glands diseases.
Human dietary intake
The United States Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) is 150 micrograms per day (g/day) for both men and women, with a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults is 1,100 g/day (1.1 mg/day). The tolerable upper limit was assessed by analyzing the effect of supplementation on thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Natural sources of iodine include sea life, such as kelp and certain seafood, as well as plants grown on iodine-rich soil. Iodized salt is fortified with iodine.
As of 2000, the median intake of iodine from food in the United States was 240 to 300 g/day for men and 190 to 210 g/day for women. In Japan, consumption is much higher due to the frequent consumption of seaweed or kombu kelp.
After iodine fortification programs (e.g. iodized salt) have been implemented, some cases of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism have been observed (so called Jod-Basedow disease). The condition mainly seems to occur in people over forty, and the risk appears higher when iodine deficiency is severe and the initial rise in iodine intake is high.
Deficiency
Main article: Iodine deficiency
In areas where there is little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas and semi-arid equatorial climates where no marine foods are eaten, iodine deficiency gives rise to hypothyroidism, symptoms of which are extreme fatigue, goitre, mental slowing, depression, weight gain, and low basal body temperatures.
Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable mental retardation, a result which occurs primarily when babies or small children are rendered hypothyroidic by a lack of the element. The addition of iodine to table salt has largely eliminated this problem in the wealthier nations, but as of March 2006, iodine deficiency remained a serious public health problem in the developing world. Iodine deficiency is also a problem in certain areas of Europe. In Germany it has been estimated to cause a billion dollars in health care costs per year.
Radioiodine in biology
Radioiodine and the thyroid
The most common compounds of iodine are the iodides of sodium (NaI) and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3), as elemental iodine is mildly toxic to all living things. Normal iodine is an essential precursor for the manufacture of thyroid hormone.
Due to preferential uptake of iodine by the thyroid, isotopes with short half lives such as I131 can be used for thyroid ablation, a procedure in which radioactive iodine is administered intravenously or orally following a diagnostic scan. This procedure is generally performed on patients with thyroid cancer or hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue. After uptake, the iodine undergoes degeneration via beta decay, destroying its associated thyroid tissue. Normally thyroidectomy is performed prior to ablation to avoid side effects of epilation and radiation toxicity. The purpose of radioablation is to destroy remnant tissue that was unable to be removed with surgery.
Lower energy isotopes such as iodine-123, and less commonly iodine-125, are used as tracers to evaluate the anatomic and physiologic function of the thyroid. Abnormal results may be caused by disorders such as Graves' Disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Potassium iodide has been distributed to populations exposed to nuclear fission accidents such as the Chernobyl disaster. The iodide solution SSKI, a saturated solution of potassium (K) iodide in water, has been used to block absorption of the radioiodine (it has no effect on other radioisotopes from fission). Tablets containing potassium iodide are now also manufactured and stocked in central disaster sites by the governments for this purpose. In theory, many harmful late-cancer effects of nuclear fallout might be prevented in this way, since an excess of thyroid cancers, presumably due to radioiodine uptake, is the only proven radioisotope contamination effect after a fission accident, or from contamination by fallout from an atomic bomb (prompt radiation from the bomb also cases other cancers, such as leukemias, directly). Taking large amounts of thyroid saturates iodide receptors prevents uptake of most radioactive iodine-131 that may be present from fission product exposure (although it does not protect from other radioisotopes, nor from any other form of direct radiation). The protective effect of KI lasts approximately 24 hours, so must be dosed daily until a risk of significant exposure to radioiodines from fission products no longer exists. Iodine-131 (the most common radioiodine contaminant in fallout) also decays relatively rapidly with a half-life of 8 days, so that 99.95% of the original radioiodine is gone after three months.
Iodine 125
Iodine-125 is also commonly used by radiation oncologists in low dose rate brachytherapy in the treatment of cancer at sites other than the thyroid, especially in prostate cancer. The radioiodine is encapsulated in titanium seeds and implanted in the area of tumor involvement. In contrast to the blood-borne dissemination of radioiodine used in the thyroid, the radioiodine acts only locally in the area where it is implanted.
Iodine 129
Iodine-129 (129I; half-life 15.7 million years) is a product of cosmic ray spallation on various isotopes of xenon in the atmosphere, in cosmic ray muon interaction with tellurium-130, and also uranium and plutonium fission, both in subsurface rocks and nuclear reactors. Artificial nuclear processes, in particular nuclear fuel reprocessing and atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, have now swamped the natural signal for this isotope. Nevertheless, it now serves as a groundwater tracer as indicator of nuclear waste dispersion into the natural environment. In a similar fashion, 129I was used in rainwater studies to track fission products following the Chernobyl disaster.
Radioiodine and the kidney
In the 1970s imaging techniques were developed to employ radioiodine in diagnostics for renal hypertension; however methods using other chemical compounds, such as DMSA, are more popular in clinics nowadays.
Precautions and toxicity of elemental iodine
Elemental iodine is an oxidizing irritant and direct contact with skin can cause lesions, so iodine crystals should be handled with care. Solutions with high elemental iodine concentration such as tincture of iodine are capable of causing tissue damage if use for cleaning and antisepsis is prolonged.
Elemental iodine (I2) is poisonous if taken orally in larger amounts; 23 grams of it is a lethal dose for an adult human.
Iodine vapor is very irritating to the eye, to mucous membranes, and in the respiratory tract. Concentration of iodine in the air should not exceed 1 mg/m (eight-hour time-weighted average).
When mixed with ammonia and water, elemental iodine forms nitrogen triiodide which is extremely shock sensitive and can explode unexpectedly.
Toxicity of iodide ion
Excess iodine has symptoms similar to those of iodine deficiency. Commonly encountered symptoms are abnormal growth of the thyroid gland and disorders in functioning and growth of the organism as a whole. Iodides are similar in toxicity to bromides.[citation needed]
Iodine sensitivity
Some people develop a sensitivity to iodine. Application of tincture of iodine can cause a rash. Some cases of reaction to Povidone-iodine (Betadine) have been documented to be a chemical burn. Eating iodine-containing foods can cause hives. Medical use of iodine (i.e. as a contrast agent, see above) can cause anaphylactic shock in highly iodine sensitive patients. Some cases of sensitivity to iodine can be formally classified as iodine allergies. Iodine sensitivity is rare but has a considerable effect given the extremely widespread use of iodine-based contrast media.
See also
Iodide as an antioxidant
Chemical oxygen iodine laser
Nutrition facts label
Starch indicator
References
^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
^ J McMaster and John H Enemark (1998). "The active sites of molybdenum- and tungsten-containing enzymes". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2: 201. doi:10.1016/S1367-5931(98)80061-6. 
^ Russ Hille (2002). "Molybdenum and tungsten in biology". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 27: 360. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(02)02107-2. 
^ Guan, L; Suenaga, K; Shi, Z; Gu, Z; Iijima, S (Jun 2007). "Polymorphic structures of iodine and their phase transition in confined nanospace.". Nano letters 7 (6): 1532. doi:10.1021/nl070313t. PMID 17477579. 
^ a b Dissanayake, C. B.; Chandrajith, Rohana; Tobschall, H. J. (1999). "The iodine cycle in the tropical environment implications on iodine deficiency disorders". International Journal of Environmental Studies 56: 357. doi:10.1080/00207239908711210. 
^ a b N. Bell, L. Hsu, D. J. Jacob, M. G. Schultz, D. R. Blake, J. H. Butler, D. B. King, J. M. Lobert, and E. Maier-Reimer (2002). "Methyl iodide: Atmospheric budget and use as a tracer of marine convection in global models". Journal of GeophysicalResearch 107: 4340. doi:10.1029/2001JD001151. 
^ a b Jessica Elzea Kogel, Nikhil C. Trivedi, James M. Barker, Stanley T. Krukowski (2006). Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses. SME. pp. 541552. ISBN 9780873352338. http://www.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C. 
^ Tatsuo Maekawa, Shun-Ichiro Igari and Nobuyuki Kaneko (2006). "Chemical and isotopic compositions of brines from dissolved-in-water type natural gas fields in Chiba, Japan". Geochemical Journal 40: 475. doi:10.2343/geochemj.40.475. 
^ Bernard Courtois (1813). "Dcouverte d'une substance nouvelle dans le Vareck". Annales de chimie 88: 304.  In French, seaweed that had been washed onto the shore was called "varec", "varech", or "vareck", whence the English word "wrack". Later, "varec" also referred to the ashes of such seaweed: the ashes were used as a source of iodine and salts of sodium and potassium.
^ Patricia A. Swain (2005). "Bernard Courtois (1777-1838) famed for discovering iodine (1811), and his life in Paris from 1798". Bulletin for the History of Chemistry 30 (2): 103. http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2007-Swain.pdf. 
^ J. Gay-Lussac (1813). "Sur un nouvel acide form avec la substance dcourverte par M. Courtois". Annales de chimie 88: 311. 
^ J. Gay-Lussac (1813). "Sur la combination de l'iode avec d'oxigne". Annales de chimie 88: 319. 
^ J. Gay-Lussac (1814). "Mmoire sur l'iode". Annales de chimie 91: 5. 
^ H. Davy (1813). "Sur la nouvelle substance dcouverte par M. Courtois, dans le sel de Vareck". Annales de chemie 88: 322. 
^ Humphry Davy (January 1, 1814). "Some Experiments and Observations on a New Substance Which Becomes a Violet Coloured Gas by Heat". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 104: 74. doi:10.1098/rstl.1814.0007. http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/104/74.full.pdf+html. 
^ Block, Seymour Stanton (2001). Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 159. ISBN 0-683-30740-1. 
^ R. Toreki. "Peroxide". The MSDS HyperGlossary. http://www.ilpi.com/msdS/ref/peroxide.html. 
^ Gribble, G. W. (1996). "Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds - A comprehensive survey". Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 68: 1423. PMID 8795309. 
^ a b c F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson (1988). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed.. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471849979. 
^ Martha Windholz, editor ; Susan Budavari, associate editor ; Lorraine Y. Stroumtsos, assistant editor ; Margaret Noether Fertig, assistant editor. (1976). Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed. S.l.: J A Majors Company. ISBN 0911910263. 
^ N.L. Glinka (1981). General Chemistry (volume 2). Mir Publishing. 
^ a b Linus Pauling (1988). General Chemistry. Dover Publications. ISBN 0486656225. 
^ a b c Egon Wiberg; Nils Wiberg; Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. p. 419-420. ISBN 0123526515. 
^ King, C. S.; Hartman, W. W. (1943), "Methyl Iodide", Org. Synth., http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/orgsyn/prepContent.asp?prep=CV2P0399 ; Coll. Vol. 2: 399 
^ "Safety data for iodomethane". Oxford University. http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/IO/iodomethane.html. 
^ 21 "USC Sec. 872 01/22/02". http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa/872.htm 21. 
^ "Chemical Supplier Convicted of Diversion of Iodine". http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/states/newsrel/sanfran032205.html. 
^ a b c d e f Patrick L (2008). "Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations". Altern Med Rev 13 (2): 116. PMID 18590348. http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/13/2/116.pdf. 
^ Brown-Grant, K. (1961). "Extrathyroidal iodide concentrating mechanisms". Physiol Rev. 41: 189. http://physrev.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/41/1/189.pdf. 
^ Spitzweg, C., Joba, W., Eisenmenger, W. and Heufelder, A.E. (1998). "Analysis of human sodium iodide symporter gene expression in extrathyroidal tissues and cloning of its complementary deoxyribonucleic acid from salivary gland, mammary gland, and gastric mucosa". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83: 1746. doi:10.1210/jc.83.5.1746. 
^ Banerjee, R.K., Bose, A.K., Chakraborty, t.K., de, S.K. and datta, A.G. (1985). "Peroxidase catalysed iodotyrosine formation in dispersed cells of mouse extrathyroidal tissues". J Endocrinol. 2: 159. 
^ a b Stoddard II, F. R.; Brooks, A. D.; Eskin, B. A.; Johannes, G. J. (2008). "Iodine Alters Gene Expression in the MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Line: Evidence for an Anti-Estrogen Effect of Iodine". International Journal of Medical Science 5 (4): 189. PMID 18645607. PMC 2452979. http://www.medsci.org/v05p0189.htm. 
^ Eskin, B. A.; Grotkowski, C. E.; Connolly, C. P.; Ghent W. R.; (1995). "Different tissue responses for iodine and iodide in rat thyroid and mammary glands". Bioligal Trace Elements Research 49 (5): 9. doi:10.1007/BF02788999. PMID 14965610. 
^ Venturi, S.; Grotkowski, CE; Connolly, CP; Ghent, WR (2001). "Is there a role for iodine in breast diseases?". The Breast 10 (1): 379. doi:10.1054/brst.2000.0267. PMID 7577324. 
^ Josefssson M, Ekblad E. (2009). Victor R. Preedy, Gerard N. Burrow MD, Ronald Watson. ed. Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS) in Gastric Mucosa: Gastric Iodide Secretion. In: Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects. 
^ Abnet CC, Fan JH, Kamangar F, Sun XD, Taylor PR, Ren JS, Mark SD, Zhao P, Fraumeni JF Jr, Qiao YL, Dawsey SM (2006). Self-reported goiter is associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma in a large population-based Chinese cohort.. 119. p. 1508. 
^ Behrouzian R, Aghdami N. (2004). East Mediterr Health J.. 10. p. 921. 
^ Golkowski F, Szybinski Z, Rachtan J, Sokolowski A, Buziak-Bereza M, Trofimiuk M, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Przybylik-Mazurek E, Huszno B. (2007). "Iodine prophylaxis--the protective factor against stomach cancer in iodine deficient areas". Eur J Nutr. 46: 251. doi:10.1007/s00394-007-0657-8. 
^ Venturi S, Venturi M (September 2009). "Iodine, thymus, and immunity". Nutrition 25 (9): 9779. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.06.002. PMID 19647627. 
^ Venturi S.; Venturi A, Cimini D, Arduini C, Venturi M, Guidi A. (1993). "A new hypothesis: iodine and gastric cancer.". Europ. J. Cancer. Prev. 2: 17. 
^ Marani L; Venturi S, Masala R (1985). "Role of iodine in delayed immune response.". Isr. J. Med. Sci. 21: 864. 
^ Ma F; Zhao W, Kudo M, Aoki K, Misumi J. (2002). "Inhibition of vacuolation toxin activity of Helicobacter pylori by iodine, nitrite and potentiation by sodium chloride, sterigmatocystin and fluoride.". Toxicol in Vitro 16: 531. doi:10.1016/S0887-2333(02)00045-0. 
^ Klebanoff S.J. (1967). "Iodination of bacteria: A bacterial mechanism.". J Exp Med 126: 1063. doi:10.1084/jem.126.6.1063. 
^ "Iodine enhances ig-G-synthesis by human peripheral blood Iyphocytes in vitro.". Acta Endocr 103: 103. 1983. 
^ Venturi S.; Venturi M. (2009). "Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health". Nutrition and Health 20 (2): 119134. PMID 19835108. 
^ Bahar, G.; Feinmesser, R.; Shpitzer, T.; Popovtzer, A.; Nagler, R.M. (2007). "Salivary analysis in oral cancer patients: DNA and protein oxidation, reactive nitrogen species, and antioxidant profile". Cancer 109 (1): 5459. doi:10.1002/cncr.22386. PMID 17099862. 
^ Banerjee, R.K.; Bose, A.K.; Chakraborty, T.K.; De, S.K.; Datta, A.G. (1985). "Peroxidase-catalysed iodotyrosine formation in dispersed cells of mouse extrathyroidal tissues". J Endocrinol 2: 159165. 
^ Banerjee, R.K.; Datta, A.G. (1986). "Salivary peroxidases". Mol Cell Biochem 70 (1): 2129. PMID 3520291. 
^ Bartelstone, H. J. (1951). "Radioiodine penetration through intact enamel with uptake by bloodstream and thyroid gland". J Dent Res 5: 728733. 
^ Bartelstone, H.J.; Mandel, I.D.; Oshry, E.; Seidlin, S.M. (1947). "Use of radioactive iodine as a tracer in the Study of the Physiology of teeth". Science 106: 132. 
^ a b United States National Research Council (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academies Press. pp. 258259. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10026&page=258. 
^ "Sources of iodine". International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. http://www.iccidd.org/pages/iodine-deficiency/sources-of-iodine.php. 
^ a b "MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Iodine in diet". http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002421.htm. 
^ Wu T, Liu GJ, Li P, Clar C (2002). "Iodised salt for preventing iodine deficiency disorders". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD003204. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003204. PMID 12137681. 
^ Felig, Philip; Frohman, Lawrence A. (2001). "Endemic Goiter". Endocrinology & metabolism. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780070220010. http://books.google.de/books?id=AZUUGrp6yUgC&pg=RA1-PA351. 
^ "Micronutrients - Iodine, Iron and Vitamin A". UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_iodine.html. 
^ "Frequently Asked Questions on Potassium Iodide". Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/EmergencyPreparedness/BioterrorismandDrugPreparedness/ucm072265.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-06. 
^ "Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation Emergencies". Food and Drug Administration. http://www.thefederalregister.com/d.p/2001-12-11-01-30492. Retrieved 2009-06-06. 
^ D. O. Lowe, S. R. Knowles, E. A. Weber, C. J. Railton, and N. H. Shear (2006). "Povidone-iodine-induced burn: case report and review of the literature". Pharmacotherapy 26: 1641-5. doi:10.1592/phco.26.11.1641. 
^ Katelaris, Constance (2009). "'Iodine Allergy' label is misleading". Australian Prescriber, Vol. 32, 125-128. Available at http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/32/5/125/8/
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Iodine
Look up iodine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Micronutrient Research for Optimum Health", Linus Pauling Institute, OSU Oregon State University
ATSDR - CSEM: Radiation Exposure from Iodine 131 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (public domain)
ChemicalElements.com - Iodine
who.int, WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency
Oxidizing Agents > Iodine
WebElements.com Iodine
v  d  e
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Hydrogen H2 | Nitrogen N2 | Oxygen O2 | Fluorine F2 | Chlorine Cl2 | Bromine Br2 | Iodine I2 | Astatine At2 |
v  d  e
  Iodine compounds
ICN  ICl  ICl3  IF3  IF5  IF7  I2O5
v  d  e
Periodic table
H
 
He
Li
Be
 
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
 
Al
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P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
 
Ti
V
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Ge
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Se
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Sr
Y
 
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Rh
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Ag
Cd
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Sn
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I
Xe
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Ce
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Nd
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Sm
Eu
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Tb
Dy
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Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
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Pa
U
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Pu
Am
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Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Uut
Uuq
Uup
Uuh
Uus
Uuo
Uue
Ubn
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Lanthanoids
Actinoids
Transition metals
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Categories: Dietary minerals | Iodine | Halogens | DEA List I chemicals | Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements | Chemical elementsHidden categories: Articles containing Greek language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009

The Mysterious Alchemy Of Song Lyrics
"Divorced from a song, words on a page look like poetry--usually bad poetry." But "without lyrics, the human voice would be just another instrument, yet the process of creating them is one of the most mysterious aspects of composition." The Wall Street Journal 08/14/10My first post!!

Right. K. Since YY & Amy has been pestering me to post since the blog started... I dragged my feet here to type this. *hears yy & amy shouting "BLOG ABOUT THE DAMN ESCAPE AND FRIDAY OUTING AND UPLOAD THE PICTURES DAMN YOU!!!" in the background*

Sorry. I haven't uploaded the pictures yet. =( So I'm gonna blog about something else k? XD *yy & amy whacking lely*


Lely's (current) top 5 animes!

1. Bleach


Plot:
Kurosaki Ichigo is a 15 year old boy that has an ability to see ghosts/spirits. Because of his ability, he is able to meet a female death god(aka Shinigami), Kuchiki Rukia. To save his family and friends from unwanted soul-eating spirits(Hollows), Rukia transfers her Shinigami powers to Ichigo. As Rukia takes on a human shell, together they solve mysteries involving spirits and hollows until, from the spirit world, comes 2 other Shinigamis explaining that it is illegal to transfer Shinigami powers to humans and Rukia has exceeded the time limit to stay in the human world. After they sentenced her to death for breaking the laws, Ichigo snaps and swears to everyone he will retrieve Rukia by breaking into the spirit world.

Comment:
What can I say? It's an excellent, must-watch anime. (YY go watch it NOW!)

2. Full Metal Alchemist


Plot:
After losing their mother, Alphonse & Edward Elric attempt to bring her back using the forbidden science of human alchemy. However, alchemy operates on the theory of equivalent trade, and breaking the human alchemy taboo carries a heavy price. Ed loses his leg & Al loses his body. Ed is able to seal Al’s soul inside of a huge suit of armor, at the cost of his arm. Years later, Ed (now with two mechanical limbs) & Al (still trapped in the armor) leave their childhood home, each brother concerned with the other’s happiness. Ed, who has a natural talent and skill for alchemy, becomes nationally certified and is soon known everywhere as the "Fullmetal Alchemist." Their true objective is to search for any information on the fabled Philosopher’s Stone, hoping it will allow them to regain their old bodies. All of their hopes rest with this mythical stone, which may not even exist at all. However, the brothers soon learn that they are not the only ones after the powerful stone.

Comment:
A really touching brotherly-love anime. (I almost cried at the end!)

3. Gravitation


Plot:
Shuichi Shindo is an aspiring vocalist who wants to be seen in the public's eye. There, he sets off, creating the band "Bad Luck" along with his bestfriend Hiro Nakano and another musical partner, Suguru Fukisaki. But one night, while composing a new lyrics, the wind blew his paper and was caught by a handsome, blond man. That man was Yuki Eiri, a famous romance novelist. Immediately, Yuki criticizes the work of Shuichi, telling him that he has zero talent and has grade school level, then leaves. Since that night, Shuichi is determined to find Yuki and explain his rudeness to him but by the force as strong as gravity, Shuichi inadvertently fell in love with Yuki. Rivals, scary fans, paparazzis and dark pasts seem to separate the two but the force of gravitation will always inexorably intertwined the two- whether they like it or not.

Comment:
What do you get when you put an incredibly cute, child-like guy and an extremely cool & handsome male together? A gay anime - Gravitation. Gay as it is, it's really funny and touching. I can never get enough of it. *swoons over Yuki*

4. Naruto


Plot:
Naruto closely follows the life of a boy who is feared and detested by the villagers of the hidden leaf village of Konoha. The distrust of the boy has little to do with the boy himself, but it’s what’s inside him that causes anxiety. Long before Naruto came to be, a Kyuubi(demon fox) with great fury and power waged war taking many lives. The battle ensued for a long time until a man known as the Fourth Hokage, Yondaime, the strongest ninja in Konoha, fiercely fought the Kyuubi. The fight was soon won by Yondaime as he sealed the evil demon in a human body. Thus the boy, Naruto, was born. As Naruto grows he decides to become the strongest ninja in Konoha in an effort to show everyone that he is not as they perceive him to be, but is a human being worthy of love and admiration. But the road to becoming Hokage, the title for the strongest ninja in Konoha, is a long and arduous one. It is a path filled with betrayal, pain, and loss; but with hard work, Naruto may achieve Hokage.

Comment:
I love this anime... but it has gotten too long-winded with too many fillers(useless crap episodes). Like, GET TO THE MAIN POINT ALREADY! But yea, the fighting's still good & still on my top 5 list.

5. Gundam Seed Mobile Suit


Plot:
Heliopolis, a so-called neutral space colony was holding a top-secret weapons research facility, producing Gundams for the Earth Alliance. ZAFT, which is composed of Coordinators(genetically modified humans), attacks Heliopolis, stealing 4 out of the Alliance's 5 Gundams. In the battlefield, civilian Kira Yamato stumbles upon the Strike, the last remaining Gundam of the alliance, and is forced to pilot it. In the midst of battle he encounters his best friend, Athrun Zala, as one of the hijackers of the 5 Gundams, who sides with ZAFT. Being a Coordinator, he is the only one who can pilot the Gundam. But Kira is not with ZAFT, even though they're his own kind, nor the Alliance. Since the Alliance is the only place he could turn to at the time, he sides with them. He pilots the Gundam to protect his friends, and to fight his best friend, which pains both of them. It's a war between individual beliefs.

Comment:
Referring to the first gundam seed only, and not to Destiny, the sequel. Gundam Seed's full of politics but you gotta love the storyline & the action between the gundams. More likely you'll fall in love with the gundams instead of the characters. ^^


And I'm done! Sorry for the LONG plots(All taken from Anime News Network).

Lely - ouTx!

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W? while I, with many political s? ordinator John McCain does not agree, I am pr? t? f admit that at least one pr? President Vern nftige wise? and represented? feel a step in the right direction? r the nation. No more. With his pick of Alaska Governor Sarah Palin as Colista? Re, he showed? spectacular? Res guid then? in the absence Sch? e Urteilsverm? Gen

In addition to her frightening lack of comp? Skills will be the vice-pr? President (much less Pr DELI Chairman) of? United States, Sarah Palin one? Vang? Metallic, anti-choice, pro-guns? fire, conservative right, the cr? ations taught? in? schools. She is currently under INVESTIGATION? You by the? Legislator f? R Alaska abuse of power. I can not imagine Palin with? States-AU? Int Enpolitik do politics? Interior, d? National defense or ounces? HLIG other matters of governance f? D? Eral.

A particular L? Sitges aspect of the Palin candidacy is her abysmal record on the environment w? During his two-Sch?’re As governor of Alaska, and as w? Re in the national environmental policy if she became vice-pr? President?. Their environmental record as governor of the nation “last? Re boundary? Re” m? N rite? INVESTIGATION? You here.

1) climate change. Although Alaska is zero in the global crisis in adults? Sol Rmung, Palin has done virtually nothing for r? Settle the problem? Me back,? excluding by holding r? unions, it first? and name one? climate-Cabinet “, which? also done much. much talk, no action. Although decrease? over the last two? res ann? es, the Arctic ice? t?, most Rec lows?, Palin does not appear, it is of human origin or cause for pr? occupation. It? t? invited? e?? stablish an Alaska Office on Climate Change, a climate of r ? reply Alaska (down? a tax on Alaska? L-production) and the objectives of r? production of f? A Alaska, but has no effect on these bernommen Antr? Ge?. ” br />
2) the iceberg? Ren. This? T? The action? T? intent? e cons Palin the Bush administration? About f? Deral s list of the iceberg? as a threat? es, saying his opposition is the bottom? e on? comprehensive scientific review. “But when asked?, scientific publishing inspections it denial?. The paper, sp? TER from? Public is re? ue (f government? d? General), clearly shows that, contrary to Palin, the? State of Meeress? Uger Alaska scientist with the Ministry? re concluded that the iceberg? s in serious difficulties ? because adult world? rmung and loss of habitat agree sea ice, and they disappeared from Alaska in 2050.

Palin clearly to? Cid? oppose? registration,? Tzen Arctic operation p? Trol? And re gazi? Re in sch?, Then? Publicly d? Form? basis f? R’s for? Decision, and then tent? to hide anything. Gest? F ex? CUTEr prot? G? S? R an office on a platform of Honn? Tet? and transparency, this behavior has not? t?. Their position extr? Puts me in them on the political right of Bush / Cheney.

3) the varieties can GEF? Sive. More t? Does this ann? E, Sarah Palin approved? one state funds 2,000,000 $ f? R a conf? Conference? Convincing the impact?? Economic? the Endangered Species Act, which the? Public is that the lists of ESA? T? too cost? expensive and unjustified??. It r? Of recently? Cid? the money instead of pursuing the? State Fund cons of the Bush administration? About the icebergs? s Report – probably a breach of constitutional provisions on appropriation of the state. It further looks esp listings? These and other protections in Alaska, o? many varieties will be in danger? cause of climate change and other threats.

4) Fight against the pr? Daters. Palin will be adopted? and? stretched the contr? the government’s aerial Predator program, o? LFE W? Downed aircraft, and tr? GT chased by airplanes and obtain? Tet? landing. This ann? E sound? State biologists even 14 Cub No? S of H? Tra? No? chairs, and when their parents? j? running? while shooting? each puppy in the t? you? blank. The Sch? E last? Re, his administration has offered a $ 150 Pr? Mie f? R get wolf? Tet up? that the Pr? Mie has? T? jug? e ill? scabies by the courts. Hundreds of lfen W? r? ussir? Tet each ann? E by this program? State archa? For ease Begr not scientific? ndung always has, but is stupid? J u for Palin Sports city? eng Anh ‘? more.

5) Pebble Mine. Palin aggressively against the initiative on water? Own? on the ballot in August? t of Alaska (which then do not), instead of begging? Nstigung? Foreigners f? Ndischer soci? T? mini? Dr. W? Nsche? R? A government regulations under controlled? L their r? Gl toxic? NESS in Rivi? Res? salmon. It has virtually all the suggestions? Ge, operating mini? Re coming their way down? Prot? G? Es, m? Me probable, the? Standard proposed Pebble gold and copper mine in the basin of Bristol Bay. This plan clearly p? Ril the gr? The Ten salmon? Sockeye LEU in the world o? p? researchers this? t? captured? more than 27 million salmon.

Drill 6)? L and gas. Palin drilling? from? P? Oil and Gas Pipeline bottom? Prot? G? Es Pl? Do somewhere in Alaska, including normal Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, the central Arctic, all the oc? Year Arctic and in fish-rich Bristol Bay and Cook Inlet. ensure? this, the supplementary rules and government oversight of Alaska? Missing lanlagen terrible, and she refused? a B? rgerinitiative resident advisory? one opposed? more effective? Public grow? L and gas? promotion in the op? rations of Arctic Alaska.

7) the Exxon Valdez? Damage? S Lpest. Palin denies dr Exxon? Press for government f? R unexpected injury of the environment on the salary? The disastrous Exxon Valdez spill in 1989? Lpest. Pr? S sp 20 years? Ter, if still no r? Solus private?? St and governments? Also offered to collect yet? Professional payment from Exxon. Shortly before Palin took office in 2006, has pr? Feel? Governments Exxon? a request for $ 92,000,000 f? R this PC! R? Mun-operation Supp? Commentary Umweltsch?, But its management has not since the button hook question something? Neither Exxon taken to court to collect money. Meanwhile, Exxon draws online community record profits from Alaska.

Trans Pacific Express. Palin demand? ? repeatedly by the r? presidents and organizations must ensure the container dimensions shipping through the Alaska? the Al? UPPORT a sea Prime strengths? s between Asia and Am? North America? St?, But it did nothing. The B? Reloaded want better vessel tracking,? Hige Leistungsf rescue tug along the road and? Assessment of risks. W? During their Pred? Ngerin has financ? a? scoping study, the administration did not affect his Palin? s? the continued improvement of the container dimensions sea? through? the Al? UPPORT and said that no new measures against the risk f? RR? Reduce several Sch? F are causing future?.

The trend is clear. Sarah Palin on Environment George W. essentially Bush, Dick Cheney and perhaps? Be James Watt one, but with a character? Dr. agr? Able will power?. ? a? era o? the nation and the world urgently strong? F? Ecological? Hrungsrolle of? United States, it is important? About Look sorgf and charisma? Validly pr fen? The impact? ? Ecological our vote in November.